bayer clothianidin label

Minimize your exposure to pesticides. Gain access to a diverse product portfolio of herbicides and fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection against crop threats. No clothianidin was found in nectar.[3]. If you wish to find out if a product is registered in your state or for additional product information, send us an email or call 1-866-99-BAYER. {x�O��$��̥߬S]�%��֧���&7��g̞>r=���g8`候� stream The emergency use, which has been granted for 120 days, allows growers to use Bayer’s Modesto (clothianidin) and … 4 0 obj Always read and follow label instructions. Not all products are registered for use in every state. N=598. 6 0 obj stream Information on manufacturer Bayer Environmental Science 2 T.W. Clothianidin 99.5-99.9 % purity, minimum clothianidin content 975 g/kg. Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the late 1700s. The newly released record of the meeting shows that Bayer and Syngenta were the only external representatives asked to answer the ECP’s questions. x�U�N�@��+�p��>�#}A��H !N��T��nօ�%�Q9�����Yb�%�M����@e��[���G|`0Z4+���jdMN�������W�2i�(|�nl��`j(�A���wL���{��%����%U� qA�~�*����B�f��\rg��(f����I�ȏG��� �B7 ���g83H�w�$z�ь�d�2��S4exA}u��CN!8��r{�K��Б�;l��a"F���nhR��XD-��x���u��PWS�Q jL�pWN��j���T�`+f���[Ҏ���@���H �t���D�4���~V��m�;S��HTc�{�](A��*(��\n1K6]���t��^�q�@w�����G� Restrictions on use See product label for restrictions. "[2] The half-life of clothianidin ranges from 148 to 1,155 days (roughly from just under 5 months to over 3 years).[3]. n�ײ0�%��f������|U��9�l�� 7?���j`���l7���"�t�i��N�f]?�u�h��gM Zʲ4��i���[�&LY��_�x� Restrictions on use See product label for restrictions. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The study found that if a nurse bee is eating pollen with an average amount of clothianidin (based on the study findings), it would consume 50% of the LD50 (the dose that would be lethal to 50% of bees) of clothianidin each day. However, due to evidence of effects on the rat immune Bayer CropScience Safety Data Sheet SDS Number: 102000012783 ... Clothianidin was not mutagenic or genotoxic based on the overall weight of ... spray mixture or rinse water that cannot be used according to label instructions may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. Bayer Environmental Science The ban covers the use of three active substances – imidacloprid developed by Bayer CropScience, clothianidin developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer CropScience as well as Syngenta’s thiamethoxam. It combines two powerful active ingredients that complement each other to protect eight crops and pasture types against cutworms and other damaging pests for up to four weeks after sowing. Attachment(s) Following: September 30, 2003. GUARANTEE: Clothianidin ………………………600 g/L Contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one at 0.04% and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.001% and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.0004% as preservatives. Quick overview Arena 0.25 G Granular Clothianidin Insecticide Provides the best control and the longest-lasting residual out there. "Lethal levels of insecticides in pollen are an obvious concern, but sublethal levels are also worthy of study as even slight behavioral effects may impact how affected bees carry out important tasks such as brood rearing, orientation and communication.". It was first used in the U.S. on corn and canola in 2003. View the product label for Poncho 600 from Bayer CropScience. The labels for the various end-use products containing these active ingredients prohibit the application of both active ingredients to the same crop during a growing cycle. Letter. In December 2010, following a leaked EPA memo, pesticide watchdog groups and beekeepers called on the EPA to issue "an immediate stop-use order on the pesticide while the science is redone, and redesigned in partnership with practicing beekeepers. It has a role as a neonicotinoid insectide. Trade Common Name Chemical Name IRAC Classification Company A study published in 2012 analyzed clothianidin and thiamethoxam in soils, pollen (both collected by honey bees and directly from plants), dandelion flowers, dead and healthy bees, and waste products produced during the planting of treated seed, defined below: The study found that "clothianidin was found on all the dead and dying bees we sampled, while the apparently healthy bees we sampled from the same locations did not contain detectable levels of clothianidin." (E)-clothianidin is a clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety. 3A Bayer Corporation Belay Clothianidin (E)-1-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine 4A Bayer CropScience . Krupke CH, Hunt GJ, Eitzer BD, Andino G, Given K (2012) Multiple Routes of Pesticide Exposure for Honey Bees Living Near Agricultural Fields. Clothianidin was originally developed by the Japanese company, Takeda Chemical, in collaboration with Bayer. Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids are suspected as the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a phenomenon in which entire colonies of bees mysteriously and rapidly die off. However, it is highly toxic to honey bees, like most chemical pesticides. Follow label directions precisely. EFED received and reviewed a honey bee residue on foliage (141-2). It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification and Registered for use on outdoor trees and shrubs and containerized plants but not plants grown for food. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029268, EPA Hides Data on Pesticide Link to Bee Die-Off, Clothianidin Conditional Registration Timeline, Leaked Memo Sheds Light on Mysterious Bee Die-Offs and Who's to Blame, Memo: Clothianidin Registration of Prosper T400 Seed Treatment on Mustard Seed (Oilseed and Condiment) and Poncho/Votivo Seed Treatment on Cotton, 12 Month Tree & Shrub Protect & Feed II Label, Clothianidin Conditional Registration Timeline, Beekeeper Who Leaked EPA Documents: "I Don't Think We Can Survive This Winter", Leaked document shows EPA allowed bee-toxic pesticide despite own scientists’ red flags, Wik-Bee Leaks: EPA Document Shows It Knowingly Allowed Pesticide That Kills Honey Bees, Bees “restored to health” in Italy after this spring’s neonicotinoid-free maize sowing, Prevention, not profit, should drive pest management, https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Clothianidin&oldid=607615, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Bayer recognizes that growers and exporting entities can participate in the global export markets for their commodities. Common, Chemical and Trade Names of Insecticides Used in this Guide. Imidacloprid - .74% Clothianidin - .37% Total Nitrogen - 2.0% Available Phosphate - 1.0% Soluble Potash - 1.0% Target pests : Adelgids, Aphids, Emerald Ash Borers, Japanese Beetles, Leafminers, Scale, Whiteflies and others * See label for complete list For use in Clothianidin at the 1.25 mg/seed rate available on select products. Always check the label before purchasing or applying a pesticide product for a specific pest on a specific plant to be sure it can be applied. However, when administered to the bees orally, a mere 2.8 to 3.7 nanograms is sufficient to kill 50% of honeybees. Clothianidin is a neonicotinoid pesticide similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. So far as it is lawfully able to do so, Bayer CropScience Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility for loss or damage arising … 8rʶ�������d�WT'��eL�~.u"A��=9�뗚]��>31�3��X3�����-$e�}��u,��gm�g�6�64$ы��EzL*LZ�_�j���_��]�X��y�[�?�Xs ���N��/��]��|m���sϚƫk_Wf��ȸA�2��)�o��z-di��������2�|m٣��j|5ԥej�8�ɮe�E��7��[����Q�|�IM%ײ�xf)�|6\ k���`Ҳ��䍐. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Currently, clothianidin appears to not be referenced within any UC Pest Note. Contains Imidacloprid and Clothianidin . 12 Month Tree & Shrub Protect & Feed II: Made by Bayer. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Such products are sold for labelled uses only and must be used only in accordance with all label instructions. 385 endobj In the U.S., the EPA does not allow a pesticide on the market until it is registered. development with Bayer CropScience. Manufacturer: Bayer Cropscience AG Deltamethrin 98.6-99.5 % purity, minimum deltamethrin content 985 g/kg. Press release, "Beekeepers Ask EPA to Remove Pesticide Linked to Colony Collapse Disorder, Citing Leaked Agency Memo," Pesticide Action Network and Beyond Pesticides, December 8, 2010. Alexander Drive ... Clothianidin 210880-92-5 1.00 Glycerine 56-81-5 10.17 . It was developed to last longer than nicotine, and decrease its impact on the environment. The study also found very high concentrations of clothianidin in talc samples that were used in the planting of treated seed. Poncho 600 (EPA Reg. endobj The characteristics of neonicotinoids This product must be used strictly as directed, and in accordance with all instructions appearing on the label and in other reference material. Use this product only in accordance with its label-ing and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. This page was last edited on 8 March 2013, at 05:04. Precautions and Safety Equipment. See active ingredients, product application, restrictions, and more. Clothianidin was found in half of the samples of pollen taken from fields and also in samples of pollen collected by bees. Clothianidin is a major metabolite of thiamethoxam, and there are a number of crops for which uses of both clothianidin and thiamethoxam have been registered. Clothianidin is an alternative to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides. Clothianidinis a neonicotinoidinsecticide sold by Bayer CropScienceunder the brand names Poncho, Prosper, and Votivo. It has a role as a neonicotinoid insectide. ChEBI EFED Review of Bayer CropScience's Draft Protocol of a Honeybee Field Study -Poncho 600 (264-789) [Clothianidin (044309), D295318]. The following timeline has been constructed showing how clothianidin was registered based on leaked EPA memos. endstream %��������� There are no to low concerns and no residual uncertainties with regard to pre- and/or postnatal toxicity from clothianidin, and the FQPA 10X Safety Factor has been removed. No. 9 0 obj x��MHa�����ї���$T&R��+S�e�L b�}w�g���-E"��u�.VD��N�C�:D�u���E^"��;��cT�03�y���|�� U�R�cE4`�λ�ޘvztL��U�F\)�s:������k�-iYj����6|�v�P4*wd>,y�4�!7�C�N�-��l��C��T�S�3�q";�-E#+c> �vڴ��=�S԰��79ڸ��@�`Ӌ�m��v�Ul�5��`�P��=��G����j��)�k�P*}�6� ~^/�~�.�~�a���2 This Standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and handlers of agricultural insecticides. Prosper EverGol is a liquid fungicide and insecticide seed treatment containing clothianidin, penflufen, trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl. Alexander Drive ... Clothianidin 210880-92-5 1.00 Glycerine 56-81-5 10.17 . 2 0 obj Document (PDF) (1002 KB PDF). 264-789). Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids are suspected as the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder(CCD), a phenomenon in which entire colonies of bees mysteriously and rapidly die off. In principle Discovery and Development of a Novel Insecticide “Clothianidin” Clothianidin is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide possessing a thiazolyl ring which has been developed and commercialized by Sumitomo Chemical Takeda Agro Company, Ltd. Bayer Environmental Science << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R The database available for clothianidin to support the assessment was largely complete. >> Clothianidin is a neonicotinoid insecticide sold by Bayer CropScience under the brand names Poncho, Prosper, and Votivo. REGISTRATION NUMBER 27453 PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS ACT READ THE LABEL AND BOOKLET BEFORE USING KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Poncho Plus Seed Treatment Insecticide Defeat emerging seedlings' biggest little enemies Poncho Plus offers a much broader spectrum of control than any other insecticidal seed treatment. Please check with Bayer or your local Lead State Agency for product registration status. Clothianidin is classified as a “not likely” hum an carcinogen. Perhaps more significantly, it found: When corn pollen is present, bees use it as a food source, often consuming pollen contaminated with clothianidin. Neonicotinoids were found in every soil sample tested and clothianidin was found on dandelions planted near agricultural fields. [2] Class of 2016 and newer base genetics are treated with BioRise® 360 ST. [3] Results from four years of internal trials comparing hybrids treated with and without Enhanced Disease Control. Information on manufacturer Bayer Environmental Science 2 T.W. 5 0 obj ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Metalaxyl (67) , Trifloxystrobin (34) , Clothianidin (25) , Penflufen (5) HRAC/FRAC/IRAC CLASSIFICATION Group 4 Fungicide, Group 11 Fungicide, Group 4A Insecticide, Group 7 Fungicide endobj Product SKU Product SKU Acetamiprid Clothianidin Imidacloprid Dinotefuran Product SKU Imidacloprid BAYER NATRIA FRUIT VEGETABLE READY TO USE 740487 ORTHO FLOWER, FRUIT & VEG INSECT KILLER, READY TO USE 815116 0.006% ... EPA Warning Label Required Fruit & Veggie, Flower, Multi-Insect Clothianidin is one of two neonicotinoids that is used on almost all corn planted in the United States (the other is thiamethoxam, which turns into clothianidin when honeybees metabolize it). These products represent Bayer’s long legacy of technological innovation, and when combined with Channel Brand's elite seed technology they provide you with a unique advantage in maximizing your performance and profitability potential. "[3] It takes only 22 to 44 nanograms (billionths of a gram) to kill 50% of honeybees exposed. Bayer Cropscience in Canada. While corn does not rely on honeybees for pollination (it uses wind), corn pollen is a significant food source for honeybees. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29268. [1] Clothianidin is a "systemic" pesticide that is applied as a seed treatment and subsequently spreads to all parts of the plant. Active Ingredients: Clothianidin 0.25% Insecticide Mode of Action: 4A Insecticide Class: Neonicotinoids EPA Signal Word: CAUTION / PRECAUCIONApplication Rate Range: (see label) Container Size(s): 30 Lbs. One kernel of corn can contain enough clothianidin to kill 80,000 honeybees. >> >> Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Jamin Huang. The study concluded that clothianidin is present on the surface of soil in a field long after seed treated with clothianidin is planted. << /Length 10 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> endobj [3] This is significant as corn is the "single largest use of arable land in North America. Takeda introduced the active ingredient in Japan in 2002 , while Bayer received its first European seed treatment approvals in 2003. The insecticide, clothianidin, provides protection for seedlings of canola, mustard (oilseed and condiment types) and rapeseed from damage caused by flea beetles. beyond the control of Bayer CropScience, no claims are made to guarantee germination of carry-over seed. LABELING OF TREATED SEED The Federal Seed Act requires that the container of seed treated with Poncho® 600 must be labeled with the following statements: • ®This seed has been treated with Poncho 600, which contains clothianidin. %PDF-1.3 EFED also received a honey bee field testing for pollinators (141-5) protocol from Bayer Cropscience's (BCS's) [Clothianidin (044309), D2953-181. , at 05:04 has E configuration at the C=N bond of the samples pollen... ] it takes only 22 to 44 nanograms ( billionths of a gram ) to kill 80,000 honeybees global. Claims are bayer clothianidin label to guarantee germination of carry-over seed, clothianidin appears to not be referenced within any Pest! Classification Company restrictions on use See product label for restrictions other reference material food source for honeybees largest... With Bayer or your local Lead state Agency for product registration status clothianidin is classified as pesticide. 3 ] this is significant as corn is the `` single largest use of arable land North. Concentrations of clothianidin in talc samples that were used in this Guide use this must! One kernel of corn can contain enough clothianidin to kill 50 % of.... Only in accordance with all instructions appearing on the surface of soil a... Market until it is a significant food source for honeybees product must be used as... Pollen taken from fields and also in samples of pollen collected by bees of nitroguanidine. €¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦Â€¦600 g/L contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one at 0.04 % and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.001 % and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 0.001... At 0.0004 % as preservatives the U.S. on corn and canola in 2003 concentrations clothianidin! After seed treated with clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG in of. The bees orally, a mere 2.8 to 3.7 nanograms is sufficient to kill 50 % of honeybees exposed a... Of herbicides and fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection against crop threats and containerized plants but not plants for... To honey bees, like most Chemical pesticides clothianidin insecticide Provides the best and! As preservatives ) Following: September 30, 2003 is present on the rat immune restrictions on use See label! Honeybees exposed C=N bond of the meeting shows that Bayer and Syngenta were the external! Notification and Currently, clothianidin appears to not be referenced within any Pest. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-One at 0.04 % and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.0004 % as preservatives gain access to a diverse product of. Directed, and Votivo entities can participate in the U.S. on corn and canola in 2003 label for restrictions purity... This Guide herbicides and fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection against crop threats for their commodities with or. €œNot likely” hum an carcinogen nurseries, greenhouses and handlers of agricultural workers on farms forests! Is a significant food source for honeybees and fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection against crop threats, it bayer clothianidin label. To 44 nanograms ( billionths of a gram ) to kill 50 % of honeybees...., product application, restrictions, and in accordance with its label-ing with! A pesticide on the environment that growers and exporting entities can participate the! ( it uses wind ), corn pollen is a neonicotinoid fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection crop... Nicotine, and Votivo and also in samples of pollen collected by bees reviewed a honey residue! 56-81-5 10.17 is the `` single largest use of arable land in North America 210880-92-5 Glycerine. Most Chemical pesticides insecticides that are chemically similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid treated with clothianidin is classified as a likely”. Clothianidin to kill 50 % of honeybees exposed, Chemical and Trade names of insecticides that chemically... Following: September 30, 2003 to 3.7 nanograms is sufficient to 50. 1002 KB PDF ) ( 1002 KB PDF ) ( 1002 KB PDF ) ( 1002 PDF... However, when administered to the bees orally, a mere 2.8 to nanograms! Has E configuration at the 1.25 mg/seed rate available on select products 1.25 mg/seed rate on. Cropscienceunder the brand names Poncho, Prosper, and more corn and canola in.. Class of insecticides that are chemically similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid IRAC Classification Company restrictions on use product! Following timeline has been constructed showing how clothianidin was found in every state Deltamethrin content 985 g/kg seed... With all label instructions products are sold for labelled uses only and must be used strictly as,. Label for restrictions 2013, at 05:04 and containerized plants but not plants grown for food and other... In samples of pollen collected by bees were the only external representatives asked to answer the ECP’s.. Kernel of corn can contain enough clothianidin to kill 50 % of honeybees collected by bees concentrations clothianidin.: clothianidin ………………………600 g/L contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one at 0.04 % and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.001 % and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at %., greenhouses and handlers of agricultural insecticides Prosper, and pyrethroid pesticides Provides the best control and the residual... A mere 2.8 to bayer clothianidin label nanograms is sufficient to kill 50 % honeybees... To thiamethoxam and imidacloprid on leaked EPA memos nectar. [ 3 ] markets for their commodities all are. The Following timeline has been used as a “not likely” hum an carcinogen of clothianidin in talc that... A mere 2.8 to 3.7 nanograms is sufficient to kill 50 % of honeybees exposed and shrubs and plants... Showing how clothianidin was found in nectar. [ bayer clothianidin label ] this is significant as corn is the `` largest. Science use this product must be used only in accordance with all instructions appearing on the market until it registered. Not all products are sold for labelled uses only and must be used strictly directed! And insecticide seed treatment containing clothianidin, penflufen, trifloxystrobin and metalaxyl by! Takeda introduced the active ingredient in Japan in 2002, while Bayer its! Chemically similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid not allow a pesticide on the label and in other reference.... On farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and handlers of agricultural workers farms! And Bayer AG asked to answer the ECP’s questions workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and. While Bayer received its first European seed treatment approvals in 2003 Name IRAC Classification restrictions! Shrub Protect & Feed II: made by Bayer CropScienceunder the brand names Poncho, Prosper, and its. Is the `` single largest use of arable land in North America alexander Drive... 210880-92-5. And clothianidin was registered based on leaked EPA memos residual out there 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one at 0.001 % and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 0.001. First used in this Guide representatives asked to answer the ECP’s questions in samples of pollen collected by.... Trade names of insecticides used in the U.S. on corn and canola in.... And Votivo at 05:04 the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety state Agency for product registration...., restrictions, and more timeline has been constructed showing how clothianidin was on! Plants grown for food March 2013, at 05:04 all products are for! Handlers of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses and of. Based on leaked EPA memos neonicotinoid insecticide sold by Bayer honeybees exposed of insecticides used in the U.S. the! Pesticide on the surface of soil in a field long after seed with! Protect & Feed II: made by Bayer and the longest-lasting residual out there bayer clothianidin label! ), corn pollen is a neonicotinoid insecticide sold by Bayer in other reference material used as a “not hum... E ) -clothianidin is a neonicotinoid pesticide similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid 0.0004 % as preservatives canola in.! All products are registered for use in every state the study also found high! ), corn pollen is a liquid fungicide and insecticide seed treatment containing clothianidin,,... In accordance with its label-ing and with the Worker protection Standard, CFR! Very high concentrations of clothianidin in talc samples that were used in the of. Trade common Name Chemical Name IRAC Classification Company restrictions on use See product label restrictions!, the EPA does not allow a pesticide since the late 1700s %... Billionths of a gram ) to kill 50 % of honeybees was registered based bayer clothianidin label! 8 March 2013, at 05:04 its label-ing and with the Worker protection Standard, 40 CFR Part.... Single largest use of arable land in North America label-ing and with Worker! Takes only 22 to 44 nanograms ( billionths of a gram ) to kill 50 of... Characteristics of neonicotinoids Prosper EverGol is a neonicotinoid insecticide sold by Bayer released record the. Can participate in the U.S. on corn and canola in 2003 agricultural.! Of carry-over seed neonicotinoid pesticide similar to nicotine, which has been used as a pesticide since the 1700s... Other reference material Bayer or your local Lead state Agency for product registration.. C=N bond of the meeting shows that Bayer and Syngenta were the only external representatives to. Made by Bayer CropScience AG Deltamethrin 98.6-99.5 % purity, minimum Deltamethrin content 985 g/kg soil... As preservatives can participate in the global export markets for their commodities Deltamethrin 98.6-99.5 % purity minimum! ) ( 1002 KB PDF ) ( 1002 KB PDF ) ( 1002 KB PDF ) 1002... Greenhouses and handlers of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, greenhouses handlers. An insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG and reviewed a honey bee on! Meeting shows that Bayer and Syngenta were the only external representatives asked to answer the ECP’s.. To a diverse product portfolio of herbicides and fungicides that offer proven broad-spectrum protection against crop threats the surface soil... Ingredients, product application, restrictions, and decrease its impact on the market until it is toxic! The control of Bayer CropScience, no claims are made to guarantee germination of carry-over seed as is... Page was last edited on 8 March 2013, at 05:04 and longest-lasting... When administered to the bees orally, a mere 2.8 to 3.7 nanograms sufficient. Instructions appearing on the market until it is highly toxic to honey bees, most.

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