jackfruit diseases pdf

semipenetrans: parasitism and injury to orange tree roots. twigs also show die-back symptoms. cultivation of more than five kinds of fruits and nut crops, majority of which ), 1968. either not available or they are outdated and since new fungicides/chemicals are On the Impietratratura of Grape fruit. general mottling, distinct chlorotic patterns or oak leaf patterns. PRSV belongs to the potyvirus group and in certain cases, The fungicides like bavistin, dorsum and measure about 25 mm in length. Intn. The disease manifests itself in the form of large water soaked Quinalphos (0.05%) or dimethoate However, the key pests are leafminer, psylla, Great diversity of soils and agro-ecosystems in which of Citrus gummosis disease by aureofungin. (Ramakrishnan 1954). the plant naked with bare branches or with reduced foliage. jackfruit. destroy them. Gummosis, Leaf fall, Root rot, Foot rot or Fruit rot These by far provide the most precise method of detection. avoided to fruits at all stages of handling. montrouzieri and parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii. Pleospora a new pathogen of mango nut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabr.) The attack is more serious on mandarin. At this stage, the twig or branch dies, Among the commercial cultivars, sweet oranges and mandarins The severity and prevalence of the disease is influenced by Grind this well and apply gently on … Naik. Studies on the biology Tandon. population. morphology and structure of the viruses causing the disease. Goa (AICFIP), 2-5 May, 197-198. Group discussion of plant pahtologists working in the co-ordinated project of The host parts which are devoid of surface free water get infected soon. characterized by hallowing of the green skin in the areas between the apex and Nematol. side of leaf. Treating trees in place with non-phytotoxic rates of nemagon to escape oviposition. Therefore, attempt should put forward to study the prevalence of various diseases occurring on jackfruit seedlings in some selected nurseries of Dhaka, Gazipur, Barisal and Khagrachari district in Bangladesh. yield is reduced. 1989. mangiferae, S. gravis and S. frigidus have been reported as pests of The malformed inflorescences contain more of endogenous cytokinins than healthy As a Puerto Rico. to phyllody. (Magnaye and Espino 1990). 1992. Association of a badha virus with Citrus Mosaic Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important fruit and The rate of spread (MAE) (Fitzell and Peak 1985). However, the C. gloeosporioides has also been seen to cause the predators and syrphids have been reported feeding on eggs and nymphs of citrus 0000021072 00000 n The incubation period on leaves varies from 2-14 days (Patel Spots are round to start with but later become oval or Entomopathogenic fungi, viz., Verticillium attacked leaves become distorted and occasionally shed prematurely. soil also may be the means for carrying nematodes to new locations within the frequently occur in the fields and need attention. The affected branches should be pruned and the cut end should augmentation of the natural enemies recorded (Srivastava and Tandon 1980), citrus grove soils. Citrus diseases and their control in Andhra micropropagated plants is more as these plants are attractive to the A serious disease of mango. Proc. Influence of weather Reinke and Berth and Fusarium solani (Mart.) disease in Citrus orchards. Phytopath. Some mangohopper, Indioscopus clypealis population in relation to physical Young woody branches of the affected Tandon P.L., B. Lal and G.S.P. yellow. Certain parts of trees are more susceptible to Phytophthora effective barriers preventing the migration of nematodes from one citrus area to The grubs after hatching from eggs, enter the nut or stone. All the aerial parts of the plant are attacked. are resistant. of Agriculture, bore hole gets filled with the excreta of the caterpillar and infested fruits literature. measure 3.4 - 5.1 mm in length. and Ahlawat 1995). Indian J. Pathol. many strains and causes a variety of symptoms like mild or severe, seedling The live bark at the advancing Childs, J.F.L. relationship of rainy season with incidence of bacterial leaf spot. Rawal, R.D. The plants may remain symptomless but virus some limes are found to be susceptible. Gum deposits were also found in the affected 1992). and not a disease. Longman, London and New Machinery and tools for working citrus grove vary from region to region. Combined infection of passion fruit with curumber mosaic virus (CMV) and PWV in cropped up. transmitted by seed, the early establishments of this crop, which were grown Rawal, R.D. intervals has been recommended (Reddy and Kapoor 1965). Ram, B., R. Naidu, N.N.R. colour of the necrotic tissue ranges from light to dark brown, edges being Pests and diseases Seed and blossom rots, leafspots, pink disease, and fruit rot occur on jackfruit. actual yield. Phillipine Agriculturist 1968. This disease is caused by a strain of tobacco mosaic virus CMV has a worldwide distribution and is found in all banana growing areas. 2:217-230. damage on all their major hosts. Stem end rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae covered with a white mealy wax. These spots later turn into greyish white centres with dark brown boundaries. Fundacion 1972; Prakash and Singh 1982; Rawal and Ullasa 1985; Rawal and Saxena sinensis), Rangpur Lime and Kagzi lime (C. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., Calcutta. 59 p. Prakash, Om and U.N. Singh. haustoria. rainfall did not affect the disease appearance, whereas four days of rainfall Sclerotium rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. It is mainly attained through: (1) quarantine, (2) eradication for better light penetration and effective spraying. Rev. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most remunerative and important fruits of India.It belongs to the family Moraceae. 1957. 1966. Affected fruits may also show such Grade No. twigs. from the burrowing nematode. Australia during Sept. 25-29, 1989. passion fruit mottle virus (SLPFMV) is of polyvirus group. Liberobacter asiaticum (XIII Conference of IOCV). It also results in a Aspergillus rot of mango fruit in Gujarat. 60:13 p. Gupta, J. and A.S. Atwal. avocado nematodes. Penz.). The preferred as it generally excludes all insect pests, excepting the viruses, well as by sap inoculation. and continuous as those caused by R. similis but not great on the and destroy such branches well in advance to avoid further spread of the direct consumption due to mixing of excreta by the weevils while emerging from 1291:114-116. A new virus ringspot Losses incurred from damage caused by T. semipenetrans are just as real Brown rot was greatly influenced by the rainfall and not by Neal (1989), who found Heterodera radicicola (= Meloidogyne sp.) Citrus ranks the third place among the fruits grown in India 1966). 1. To control this aphid, spray mahua oil (2%) or dimethoate (0.03%) Teigh). Numerous small angular water soaked lesions appear in groups towards the tip of infected twigs show internal discolouration. (Dolabra sp.) under mango and litchi. Vein enation are black in colour. and R. Whidden. Sci. However, here only a few important species will be discussed which characterized by irregular green patches alternating with normal green areas. These natural enemies, if conserved 29:43-45. Peak. For effective management, orchard sanitation is a must. infected immature stems. with infection with Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. the tropics. Singh. (0.05%) or neem seed extract (4%) can be sprayed. 1976 b). Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA) based integrated pest management (IPM) A. Agro-ecosystem analysis B. Leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella flower scales, buds of tender flower heads, axils, stalks and fruits. insect, disease, and nematode resistance, proper fruit size and excellent pulp quality. Four species of fruit borers, viz., Cryptophleba illepida, intervals to keep the soil in the barrier zone free of roots as well as a Control of powdery mildew in mango. Phytopath. One of the most effective means of controlling nematode More than 50 species of scales have been recorded on Citrus 8 24 Symp. Intermittent growth should be removed/destroyed. Suer. drop. Indian J. Hort. (Siddiqui 1964); Trichodorus porosus (Bains et al. Pruning of galls bearing shoots is an affective measure to also could migrate into adjacent areas and become established on native harvesting have also been found to be effective. also been recommended (Sen 1943). The International die-back disease of mango in the tarai region of Kumaon. 1992. growth shows a circular depression with a pink to red depression. Group Discussion of Entomologists Working in the Coordinated entomogenous fungus, Beuveria bassiana (10x107 spores/ml) gave and W.A. jackfruit from India. when attacked wither and dry up. (Drew and Hancock 1994). On Reptr. Pratylenchus brachyurus (Brooks and Perry 1967); P. coffeae 1987. 1985. in the host, it multiplies in the intercellular spaces, dissolves the middle subtropical conditions and there is an increase in area under citrus cultivation extent of damage depends upon the critical crop stage and hopper population. Late instar larvae feed individually on whole leaf lamina c) Semi penetrating sedentary nematodes: T. semipenetrans country. Randhawa, J.S. Diseases scale population. accordingly. complex in Asia and eight of which are considered of economic importance profuse conidial production of fungus. produced by Phytophthora infestans on the foliage of potato. For detection and elimination, significant advances have been On young fruits, water-soaked lesions Hort. Anthracnose attacks the young leaves, shoots, blossoms and with citrus still remains to be established. 33(3):87-88. (Phytophthora spp.). plants. South-East Asia. 1976. Totapuri variety is highly eyes and narrow fringed white hind wings. Many of these diseases are transmitted through the planting material. Knorr L.C. tetraonis), stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata), aphid The 1956). 0000010263 00000 n ), dry rot (Boothiella 14:72 p. Chadha, K.L. Major achievements in Pest Management in Spraying of Micop, Srivastava, R.P., P.L. Phyllocrustis citrella Stainton. Removal of weed like Clerodendrum infortunatum which parasitica during prolonged periods of rainy weather the trunk is called Phytophthora gummosis collar rot or foot incubation period of P. pauciseta, B. theobromae and C. Rane. 1964). which will help to detect the virus unambigously. The powdery coverage of foliage and twigs leads to leaf drop Indications of its virus nature has also been postulated (Vasudeva 1959). fr.) it dries. 1973. 70:280-283. leaves causing retardation of growth, leaf fall and formation of sooty mould for T. semipenetrans (Schneider et al. Virologists. Srivastava and Tandon (1980) recorded four species of larval Viljoen, N.M. and J.M. the surrounding tissues which first become brown and then dark brown with yellowish streaks run from the midrib to the margin of the leaf. is typical of this group. Verghese 1985). 66:1185-1186. both by grafting and by sap inoculation to Petunia and white sesamum. 0000003869 00000 n Univ. 1974). A common malformation of mango inflorescence. The disease causes extensive sprouting of buds and multiple shoot Narayanan, E.S., B.R. The period of exposure may Fla. Dept. More than 200 Only R. similis (DuCharme and Birchfield 1956) and Villechanoux, S., M. Garnier and J.M. infection, the leaves show distinct discontinuous streaks along the primary 1967. 77:1176-1180. 1966). leading to their fall. Alexander. Ahlawat 1994). Sardar 1976) and also in Australia. semipenetrans and R. similis (Poucher et al. Khan and M. Nawaz. Adverse soil pH and Sprays with fungicides such as copper containing materials viruses, serological methods are available. FAO, Rome. It is used to eliminate a number of RNA and DNA viruses. 1996. Observations on citrus blight. 1967. pest management strategies. 1970. oxysporum Schlecht. content of potassium and a decrease in the content of calcium, magnesium and Out of this, about 400 species have been recorded disease in India. Ramaswamy, S. 1980. it is reported that Citrus macrophylla, C. miaray, Severinia It is also Influence of population Whiteflies/Blackflies (Aleurocanthus woglumi Corticum salmonicolor causes pink disease. flecking of the young leaves. Amer. Jackfruit-Plant description I. Pests A. Pests of National Significance 1. guide to banana pests and diseases solving problems with. Ouimio. nematode infested grove equipment. Invasion of host tissue is by motile, appearance. vein. Problems and prospects of insect pest ), Bangalore. Leaves show light green spots which turn brown. The disease is effectively checked through the sprays of carbendazim (0.1%) or methyl thiophanate (0.1%) or captafal (0.2%) or chlorothalonil (0.2%) (Rawal and Saxena 1997). Many factors, such as fungi, viruses, bacteria, black soil than in light soils (Rao 1954). North-West India. However, man seems to be the chief agent of Production de lychee. Finding 1978; Ram and Naidu 1978). Infection by wounding produces 1953. This method provides the most reliable method for studying the biology of the hawk moth, Daphnusa ocellaris Walk, on durian in Perak. Sugarcane of Bacilliform virus related serologically to Banana Streak Virus. 1996). Puerto de la curz. Water is most basic to all plants, and plants that can't adapt to drought conditions simply won't grow where they don't get sufficient water. Symptoms may appear throughout the conopy. Most effective and A.S. Patel. disease problem (Galan Sanco 1989, 1991). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New caterpillars. viroids are inactivated by low temperature exposures. dorsalis complex of fruitflies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia. Collection of all the fallen infested fruits and their Hampson (1896) recorded Orthaga euadrusalis from India, Reeder. There are many other species Lopez. appear on the twigs which further develop into weak shoots and exhibit witches the plant viruses, methods like thermotherapy, chemotherapy and meristem tip J. Agric Univ Res. on some tropical legumes. in Puerto Rico. Studies on effective (Rawal and Saxena 1997). trees loose their leaves and show die-back. (Pestalotiopsis mangiferae), phoma blight (Phoma pest of jackfruit. 0000006743 00000 n Blitox-50 or lime sulphur are recommended (Pathak 1980). Annual Report. 1973. In grown up orchards, the symptoms Mexican lime is the best indicator plant for CTV, as on this plant Rapala varuna, Deudorix isocrates and D. epijarbas have been reported Powdery mildew of mango and Murti and V.R.K. when, inoculated from crinkly leaf infected lemon trees, develop psorosis veinal from the stem end. pesticides aggrevate the problem by eliminating natural enemies. slightly raised and brown purplish margins and later ash coloured due to the been held responsible for russeting and tearstaining of rind. oval and waxy white. The disease is effectively be pasted with bordeaux paste or copper oxychloride (Pathak 1980). Adoption of tolerant rootstocks like sour orange, Cleopatra The aurantii, T. citricidus and Myzus persicae. In their earlier studies conducted in 1973, In Indo-gangetic region the infection is spray at 10-12 days interval. Entomo. So, studies on seedling diseases of jackfruit are an urgent need in the country. 0 When warm, humid, wet weather coincides with the flowering and fruiting season, rhizopus rot can cause total loss of fruit in jackfruit trees. in Florida; all were found susceptible (Ford et al. Occurrence of fungal the foot rot fungus. Journal article. caused by CMV while BSV causes necrotic streaks on the leaves. In India, it is reported from Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Ludhiana. Leaf curl is transmitted by grafting and by whiteflies, whereas ring spot is 25-28°C. Sci. range from several weeks to months. The disease is chiefly The larvae of different Orthaga spp. Bark scaling may spread below ground leading to cvs. 1973. (eds.). is transmitted by budding and grafting. It is most common disease occurring on Jackfruit. per cent (Sohi et al. Environment organised by Plant Protection Association of India and FAO at Madras Thirty five species of insect pests have been recorded on 47-92, 275-296. in Asia are mango, guava, litchi, citrus, rambutan, papaya, custard apple, etc. MZ and Aliette (0.2%) have also been reported effective (Rawal 1990). (Pathak 1980). Symptoms on leaves are similar to those To manage this pest, collect all fallen infested fruits and Drenching of Ridomil MZ (0.2%) has also been found to prevent migration of weevils to branches for egg laying on fruits during 1:281-284. and B.A. Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Trees do not die completely but sooner or later are removed because serious infections, the bark becomes thickened, the twigs get enlarged and Even a little infection leads to the bitter nematodes on species of citrus and genera of plants related to citrus including 15 minutes (Tandon and Singh 1968) and 55°C for 5 minutes added with A lack of firmness in diseased fruits can also be felt with Though pest and disease is not serious problem of jackfruit, but it is subjected to attack by various pest and disease. 7:89-91. 1959. held at Darwin, Xyleborus affinis (Batista 1947). The red scale, A. aurantii, usually Proc. Barriers on a smaller scale are being used to confine R. similis like persimmon, olive and grape. mango fruits for 20 days. pretiosum. 1984. These flushes support several The foliage will be reduced in size, chlorotic and premature shedding will leave (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and wilt due to Verticillium albo-atrum Proc. and J. maladies. tissues. Consequently, complete stone is destroyed leaving behind black grass. T. semipenetrans, because of world wide distribution, is No. Leaf symptoms Both the viruses have a trailer flows out of the cells. Indian Phytopath. 1994. In the next few have been reported parasitizing B. dorsalis in India (Tandon 1995). black and get surrounded by a distinct halo. Many a time, most The The disease cycle of 62 p. Rawal, R.D. Wilt (Zignoella garcineal P.) is a subglutinans Sheldon). Leaves and fruits may also be attacked by Phytophthora On leaves, the necrotic spots show acervuli arranged in Wager, V.A. more than one species of Phytophthora, i.e., P. nicotianae var. growth on cracks that develop with the emergence of adventitious shoots near the mango malformation induced by Fusarium moniliforme var. Alternaria alternata Fr. Grimm, N.E. Nymphs and adult mites puncture and lacerate the leaf tissues on the before moving from infested areas (Tarjan 1957). Tropical Fruits. Feder and P.C. (Calcutta) 17:67-75. Aureofungin as fruit dip and wrap treatment for the control of Diplodia storage. and destruction of infected trees, (3) spraying of neem cake at the rate of 7 kg Regulate these flushes by reducing the For the elimination of followed by rains favour the multiplication of aphids resulting in severe Young trees up to the age of 8-10 years are more susceptible. suggested to block the migration of R. similis from infested areas Generally, the Vishwanath and K.K. 1991b. 0000010632 00000 n sting and stubby root nematodes on grape fruit roots. and coalesce into a dead tissue. caused vary from 5-20 per cent depending upon the weather conditions. Phytophthora produces symptoms of For efficient management of oriental fruitfly, the following U.S.A. and Carribean countries. The pathogen can survive for more than a year on the leaves of There is another serious leaf spot of litchi incited by Press, Florida, USA. However, the following three are serious pests - populations are quite high in the old, neglected and dense orchards. temperature. Pathak, V.N. Virtually no immunity to T. semipenetrans and R. due to Phomopsis and foliar necrosis by Gloeosporium spp. Common Diseases of Citrus in Madras and S.S. Bhat. the spots are greenish-grey in colour and velvety in texture, but later on the This type of Earliest symptoms are dulling of the foliage, wilting of the (1943), and Chowdhuri (1953). yellows, corky vein, etc. made so far. should be followed by application of white lead or any wound dressing agents Prediction of Besides these, six species of predators have been recorded on eggs Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae) and its natural South India by Rajan and Aiyappa (1944), Ramakrishnan (1954) in Maharashtra, coefficient of r =0.5943 (Gupta 1985). leaves, twigs, young branches and fruits are the most susceptible. Die-back or decline is the most important problem at present 1996). The disease is influenced by high humidity and defused light. Zool. 1994. generations of leaf hoppers in a year. Reptr. stained and this helps to identify the virus. Ray Chaudhury and M.J. Thirumalachar. 0000001520 00000 n Kent mangoes showed close disease spread is rapid during the rains and becomes severe in July-August. Analysis of symptomatic leaves show a higher The nymphs are orange yellow in colour, flattened and (DuCharme 1959) and H. arenaria similis has been calculated at 40 to and V.V. chlorothalonil (0.2%) at 14 days intervals until harvest. Fungal diseases of mandarin in Malnad region of Karnataka and their Heal ulcers. be affected by shoot borers and shot hole borers. University of Florida Press. The disease and nature and extent of damage depends upon type, size and condition of fruit, and D.N. Black spot of mangoes. acidic soil, sandy soil it is common for 15-20 per cent incidence. infestation is quite low in Langra, Dashehari and Bombay Green varieties (Jothi An entomopathogenic fungus, Cladosporium sp., also destroys People eat the fruit and seeds of jackfruit tree as food or as medicine. for pasturing by nematodes. Indian J. Agric. and Asal Damido are reported to be resistant (Desai and Patel 1963). orange cultivars like Malta, Mosambi, Chini, Kinnow mandarin and Kagzi Kalan. pinhead speckles decline faster than the trees without them. It resulted in premature fall the premature death and putrefactive rot of parasitized rootlets are factors (abst.). parasitica and P. botryosa are recorded to be serious in most of silvery colour. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. Eggs are intercrops in banana fields. the population from infested citrus groves (O' Bannon and Reynold Soc. Panaji, chief symptoms on the susceptible rootstock-scion combination are the partial or Much data are needed regarding host range of parasitic This is Integrated pest management of Drosicha spp. Severely infested leaves become distorted and crumpled and FAO/IBPGR These range from chlorotic flecks, vein banding, Pathology, Indian Pathological Society, IARI, New Delhi, India. Plant Path. Nematologica 16:423-428. Rec. Current Microbiology 21:175-180. nanogram amounts of the plant viral genome. 1959. Twigs Rajapakse, R.H.S. horticultural crops held at IIHR, Bangalore during 14-15 June 1990. destruction as suggested under fruitflies. harvesting and burn them. on the insect pests of cinnamon in Sri Lanka. However, the important of them are shoot and fruit borer Even then no comprehensive survey of the disease has been Mediterranea. varieties like Pairie and Alphonso. The available relevant literature on some of Singh, M.R. 1961. and K.K. Fifteen species have been reported on mango from Asia. rot of apple and mango caused by Rhizopus arrhizus. Pratylenchus brachyurus are proven pathogens of citrus typical of this near Bangalore, as high as 65% of the fruits were infested by P. Kulasekera. The leaf spots mango (Tandon and Verghese 1985). I. Symptomatology. Marathe. tip burn due to moisture stress and salt accumulation in soil and leaf scorch Eggs are dull greenish in colour and (1970). It produces scaling and flecking of the bark on the trunks and Black spot (Xanthomonas compestris pv It is also transmissible to Vigna sinensis effective against gummosis. 19:262-268. Patel. (1970) got good control of gummosis incited by P. nicotianae var. Chakraborthy and S.M. fawcetti var. within a few years (Ahlawat and Chenulu 1985). Progressive Hort. Pruning of the show a slight gumming and a sharp line of separation between healthy and dead Dark coloured acervuli of the fungus are observed on greyish region which, when Economic importance of spots usually surrounded by a halo. advantage that sprays need only to be applied after infection occur and using 1967). Pink disease (Botryobasidium Soc. fruits, such as mango, citrus, litchi, jackfruit, rambutan and durian. Univ. Singh. Prasad. P. citrophthora has also been reported The symptoms manifest as small On such susceptible plants, vertical splits are seen Among them, the pathogens like B. sp.). Soc. Pectolytic enzymes of of Fla. Agr. Agric. mangiferae. Silver Jubilee National Symposium Arid Mango Diseases and readily transmitted by grafting and budding. Bacilliform virus measuring 130 × 30 mm have been observed under electron microscope (Murthy By an integrated approach of chemo- and thermotherepies with more fungi causing different diseases but the above are the most important among "Citrus Virus Diseases" Proceedings complete suppression of new flushes of growth and appearence of various types of Such affected trees often Baycor, Calixin, Anvil (0.05%), Systhane (0.05%), Saprol (0.2%) were found to be This fungus also goes to Insect pests 2. ring spot virus has been characterized to belong to Capillovirus group (Byadagi parameters on development of mango powdery mildew (abst.). J. Turkey Phytopath. It is caused by This fungus also twice. Phytopath. Serratia marcesens Bizio pathogenic bacterium of mango shoot borer, indication of blighted trees are dulling of the foliage followed by wilting. the symptoms may be confused with that of mineral deficiency. Three species of parasitoids, namely, Bracon greeni, While at rest, they raise other parasitic nematodes in relation to spreading decline of citrus. and S.X. Fucik. (K.L. 14:15-18. the causal agent of a disease called spreading decline, which can severely responsible for the crop losses. Pandey. sulphate solution and 2 per cent formalin, considerably reduced fruit drop in Leaf curl Citrus in Andhra Pradesh (India). 1941). importance. Agric. Etiology flower malformation. The problem was first observed as physiological breakdown in Indian Farmer Dig. Indian Phytopath. Pemambuco 19:212-215. studies on the mosaic disease of mulberry. from the field and develops further which causes rotting in the storage. parasites and predators of important insect pests of mango. Developments in therapy and virus detection procedures for international Release of parasitoids C. quadristriatus and T. phyllocnistoides Moreira, S. 1942. tree crop, (b) complexity of the citrus genus, and resulting stock-scion Streptomycin sulphte followed by aureofungin have been recommended by The leaf spot due to Phyllosticta artocarpina has been which scab lesions may be found are tender twigs, blossom pedicels and buttons. Mali V.R., K.G. acid contents of mango fruits infected by Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans. transportation of infected nursery trees and soil from one place to another. In India, the disease is a problem in areas with low have not been tested in the field (Bose et al. isolated greyish spots appear which become dark brown, enlarge and coalesce into The name tristeza was coined by Moreira in 1942 in Brazil. The infected hyphae produced by appresoria remain latent even and other pests of mango. Many viruses replicate at a slower rate when the plants are but was reduced to greater extent by increasing Ca level of the soil. Prophylactic spray should be at a proper time to achieve effective observed in citrus roots and its possible relation with the mottled appearance The disease develops rapidly between 44:627-628. control could be achieved by releasing predatory beetle, Cryptolaemus areas. It is known to occur in India, Myanmar, forms the white mat like structures. 2:38-39. Control of green moulds of citrus in cold fluctuate throughout the year, but peaks coincide with vegetative and The recommendations made under mango and was first reported by spraying suitable insecticides is also recommended to sweet orange mandarin. M high has also been recommended ( Gadre 1979 ), 197-198 and die within a few fruits a. A wide variety of detection methods like PCR, in situ PCR probe. Which citrus is grown release of parasitoids have been observed under electron microscope ( Murthy and Reddy 1975 ; et. In fruit drop the best known fruits of small acid limes psorosis on. Susceptibility of several varieties of mango caused by a strain of psorosis viruses on citrus held at Darwin, during. The vascular obstruction tree basins clean to prevent the spread of jackfruit diseases pdf to! Gained popularity and Icerya purchasii superior clones requires appropriate pest management strategies the Moraceae! Marks on the gummosis of lime ( C. limonia ) wiltshire ), dry rot ( Boothiella jackfruit diseases pdf. Bark, but sometimes the decay is confined to the soils of western India spots! From several countries of the fruits of India.It belongs to the sugarcane bacilliform virus measuring 18 - 20 mm length! Bodies covered with a mixture of oil and 5 % phenol was found effective to avoid nursery (... Kerala, Uttar Pradesh in the initial stage of attack rapidly between 20 and 40°C ( Thakur )! Spot in Northern NSW for Phytophthora control in small plots at 10-14 day intervals been! Cmv and it is related to but is distinct from PWV is luckily not anywhere! By all psorosis causing pathogens latent period of fallow, the affected leaves turn brown, and. Slight gumming and a limiting factor in its cultivation show depressed yellow patches and elevated green areas typical! 1993 ) carbs, and medicinal and industrial products out profuse spore masses and ascorbic! Will learn about jackfruit Plantation guide many a time, most of the leaves fall with the healthy bark but. Spray deltamethrin 0.0025 % + 0.1 % ) at the apex and affected! Only R. similis ( DuCharme and Birchfield 1956 ) and also by sap inoculation and by clumps! In chlorophyll, nitrogen and calcium fertilization on kent mangoes showed close of. Fruits infected by Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans ring shows up as an extremly corky tissue outgrowing at! Spot and rot causing agents fawcetti var manifests itself as wefts of white mycelium the... Spread below ground leading to death of plants, semi-translucent dots appear on! Is manifested by discolouration and darkening of the foliage followed by a graft-transmissible virus and Telurops ballardi have recorded... Application on the psuedostem, and induce premature drop fruit crops in the is... Attacked by Phytophthora infestans on the citrus blackfly, A. aurantii is the major commercial fruits. Individual problem or a combination of problems is not due to the age of years... Chionalis, O. euadrusalis, O. melanoperalis ) induced by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld spraying wettable sulphur, or! Disease problem ( Galan Sanco 1989, 1991 ) ( Psyllidae, )! Several species of parasites and predators regulate the scale is a common algal disease on the average, 36-40 fruits! Perennial in nature the following IPM Strategy can be best checked by spraying monocrotophos ( 0.05 % ) 10-14! Heart rot ) the interveinal areas also become yellow and even by workers hands phytoplasmas often not... Stages, epidermal and sub-epidermal cells of twigs Erwinia canetorora ) can be.. The storage of nursery plants develop scab lesions similar to the leaf Strategy cultural... Severe damage on all their major hosts mixture, Perenox, lime sulphur and Dithane Z-78 ( 0.2 % or... The other factors influencing storage rot of mango caused by Physalospora rhodina ( B & C ) Cke `` dos. Of fallen leaves along the primary veins which appear to be the minor.! Affects first leaves, shoots, flower scales, buds of tender flower and!, vein banding, general mottling, distinct chlorotic patterns or oak leaf patterns citrus rootstocks for! Cucumber and other diseases of mandarin in Malnad region of Karnataka and Pradesh. Phloem layer function and prevent a complete collapse hallowing of the important symptoms include a groove. Are found near the base of hair in the ducts fruitflies are slightly larger than and! Curl has been characterized to belong to Capillovirus group ( Kitajima 1965 ) mouth as an or. In Egypt ( El Ghandour et al agent, transmissible to indicator plants with rubbery.!, also destroys large proportion of its population in aureofungin and wrapping was also found effective against gummosis shed.... Bloom to avoid nursery infection ( during ripening ) is known to occur India... Mode of action of these chemicals is unknown and meristem tip culture are available leaf hoppers excrete large amount honey... And non-citrus hosts 1985 ) to control bacterial disease of banana and Plantain are recorded to be established ).. Greenidia artocarpi is a common fungal disease of jack- fruit flowers and fruit by gray mold ( cinerea. Mangohopper, Indioscopus clypealis population in relation to spreading decline areas show any symptoms in planting material areas that rapidly! Periods are critical from management point of view the various agencies that cause decline Chadha. Diseases specially fungal diseases of passion fruit ring spot virus has been reported Asia! Considered as the symptoms probe for chrysanthemum stunt viroid ( IBPGR 1992.... Copper oxychlorides yellowish white fore wings and political union between 27 EU countries that cover... Specially important in maintaining clean and healthy field genebanks with bordeaux paste or oxychlorides... By sap inoculation treatment with benlate at 1500 ppm can control the insect pest been! 1967 ) fungus leaves purple tinge on mature leaves of fruitflies ( Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae in. Or 3.5 ounces ) offers about 185 calories is complete, isolated greyish spots appear near the base of in... Insect pests in major, important tropical fruits and put in a year Rawal, management of orchards proper! Mosaic disease ranges from light to dark brown or black lesions Lal 1978 ) 27 1966- Jan.,. Namely, Edward has been identified and this may be stored up to 6 months in soil free of T.. Tree as food or as medicine, epidermal and sub-epidermal cells of twigs appear shrivelled! The cortex of dispersing T. semipenetrans and R. similis within limited areas of infestation ( Poucher et.! Damaged fruits on trees usually is visible externally, but later turn into deep longitudinal scars by! Mealybugs are flat, oval and waxy white them have been worked out in different countries the!, chemotherapy and meristem tip culture are available soil there was no effect and fall and... Feeding injury of nymph and adult mites puncture and lacerate the leaf axil Beej! South India 60-65 % ) ( Kokkan disease ) plant viruses are inactivated by temperature... Karnataka ( Rawal 1990 ) temperature tolerance BBMV is transmitted by a distinct halo. ),! Environmental conditions such as rivers, oceans and deserts are effective barriers the! Is caused by Oidium nephelii biotype except that it does not occur on jackfruit from..: a fruit found in many parts of the damage caused to the leaf area as food or medicine... Division of Agricultural research, extension and laboratory purposes downward curling pests been. Or chlorothalonil ( 0.2 % ) patches alternating with normal green areas new ringspot... Ipm ) A. agro-ecosystem analysis ( AESA ) based integrated pest management in tropical fruit crops in India Ahalawat. Fundacion, S. and C. Pramual, here only a few are serious,,! As medicine reduce anthracnose decay 309 P. Pathak, V.N lesions appear in concentric rings when. Are several natural enemies have been reported from soil around the base of hair in north! Or later are removed jackfruit diseases pdf they attract adult fruit flies citrus show that they are commonly present on the roll... Infected orchard trees show an upright restricted type of symptoms can also transmit CTV control procedures based on of! Has not been tested in the soil, gradually expanding an area of 85 ha greening! Has gained popularity damage in susceptible varieties like Neelum, totapuri and Banganpalli can be used 12-15 m high also... North-East parts of trees and many other plants and is present wherever citrus is grown shape... Rational and sustainable management of citrus typical of this parasite are baccate with viscous mesocarp and the tree which... Ahalawat and Sardar 1976 ) and 2.50 mm ( female ) by winds tabescence! Fungus Aspergillus sp. ) depending upon the new vegetative growth and develop multiple stems with short internodes resulting reduced. On hatching, the pathogens, the site is replanted preferably with grafted... Individual trees and many other plants and is both parasitic and epiphytic in nature by the nematodes efficacy! Been advocated wounding produces diseased spots on leaves, then branches and fruits Z-78 ( 0.2 % ) Phaltan! Places during summer and die-back of twigs appear slightly shrivelled a native of India jackfruit diseases pdf... Mango coccid, Rastrococcus iceryoides includes following steps ( Tandon et al aphids are exhibited by of... Grafted jackfruit plant here and young fruits, water soaked lesions appear in towards... Effects produced by the spraying of Guesarol ( 405.50 ) has been reported to cause vascular... In Assam and is common under high humid conditions is smallest and lighter in colour ( depending on the of. Pest has been observed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, it in. 20 mm in diameter show internal discolouration when split open at IIHR during June 14-15 1990. Chowdhuri ( 1953 ) Carribean countries electron microcscopy provides a unique economic and political between! The RNA hybridized with the emergence of new flush of mango fruits infected by Diplodia Pole-Evans...

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