features of language standardization

Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. The language of Basque is a language form derived from Basque Country. John Benjamins, 2004. Variability is a fact of life for almost all languages. This process brings to a language a uniformity and consistent norm and form of writing and speaking, and the promotion of uniformity and consistency usually entails the reduction or elimination of variation. Formulation: setting the goals of the policy. Located in northern Spain, the community saw themselves as autonomous given their diverse historical roots and cultural groups within the country. Establishing a standard language ultimately shapes the standard ‘reality’ of the people (Fairclough 203-4). Therefore, language standardisation is never stagnant or complete, but will continue revising itself as long as the language is still in use. Standardization, it is argued, is necessary in order to facilitate communications, to make possible the establishment of an agreed orthography, and to provide a uniform form for school books. “Language Ideologies and the Consequences of Standardisation”. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. Journal of, Thomas, Tiffany. Primarily concerned with the evolution of specific human languages, standardisation can only occur when a society has an existing cultivation of their own language and communicative methods. The first is an elaboration of function, where people of higher social standing perceive this language form to be more valuable and important than other variations. In this video, I will introduce the concepts of programming language standardization, and team coding guidelines. It is a three-step process of standardising literacy/script, vocabulary, and then digital rendering (i.e. Critics. Psychology Press, 1997. People expect their language to serve a role that is beyond communication. Ten years after the proposal was passed, efforts to implement the standard language was assessed and the results were as follow: In overall, it is evident that the majority believed in the good of a standardised language in Basque. Learn more. Of course this language standardization work is highly technical, but it involves a lot more than technical work alone. An Example of Standardization and Divergence: Latin, The Creation and Enforcement of Language Standards, Definition and Examples of Acrolects in Language, What You Should Know About Creole Language, Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige, Key Events in the History of the English Language, Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling, Standard English Definitions and Controversies, Definition and Examples of Codification in English. Second, he then proposed the following series of changes: Unfortunately, Mitxelena’s proposals were not met with instant consent. Pop quiz: Do you know the difference between an interpreter and a translator?It’s a foundational definition in the language industry, but the two can be easy to mix up. Accessed 1 April 2017. Then a number of theoretical frameworks for the study of communication are discussed: Speech Act theory, Conversation Analysis, and theories concerned with ... Natural language facilitates communication in several other respects, be- Mayr, Andrea. With that perspective, we shall move to a unique, nation-wide territory where smaller-scale language standardisation took place: Basque Country. Societies themselves pick their own standard forms of language, and hence, different societies in different places, and of different cultures, can all pick vastly different (or even somewhat similar) language forms to adhere to. The term re-standardization refers to the ways in which a language may be reshaped by its speakers and writers. Lastly, a writing system is established to prescribe this language (along with official dictionaries and guidebooks). But when Charlemagne conquered his huge kingdom in 800, he brought in Alcuin from England. For instance, the use of double negatives – ‘that won’t do you no good’ – is deemed confusing, redundant and incorrect by the masses. James and Lesley Milroy expressed that language standardisation does not symbolise an actual end-product, but rather, a significant process with no completion. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. Finally, we must be wary of automatically forming relations between the upper class and standard forms of language. He had stressed on the fact that “Basque should move towards unification, and unification should commence chiefly with matters of form” (Elkartea 36). With every generation, new words are constantly invented and introduced into the language lexicon, which may then be taught to the next generation (Crystal 132). Alcuin brought in 'good Latin' because it came from books; it didn't have all the 'problems' that came from a language being spoken as a native tongue. implementation and elaboration). Secondly, the language then gains prestige within the society for being associated with those of high social status. A&C Black. Chinese languages, principal language group of eastern Asia, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Standardization. From a broader perspective, acquiring a standardised language essentially allows for efficient communication and assimilation within a larger social group (e.g. Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. Unsurprisingly, literacy is still highly regarded today as the leading institutional marker for a nation’s development. Here’s the formula for standardization: This essentially re-emphasises that language standardisation is a process, not an end-result. Such networks proved particularly important for innovations requiring collaboration. Standardization is another scaling technique where the values are centered around the mean with a unit standard deviation. Accessed 10 March 2017. THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS Bartsch, Renate 1985-06-01 00:00:00 * I thank Bjorn Jernudd, Monsur Musa, and K . For instance, the maintenance stage can start quite early in the process, and continues throughout (Milroy 23). Although there is a link between social standing and standard language, in that the upper class can influence the selection of language form (as enunciated in previous sections), one does not always translate into the other. The British standard held sway throughout the world until very recently, when some other countries began to first accept and then to teach American orthography and lexical choices. We need not thinkof them as being chronological. Similarly, we cannot assume that the form used by the upper class are the standard language form of the society. It is important to note that these stages are hypothetical, and can sometimes overlap with one another. Language Standardisation:Basque Recovery II. "For one important example of the push/pull between divergence and standardization--and between vernacular language and writing--I'll summarize the Literacy Story... about Charlemagne, Alcuin, and Latin. Yale University Press, 2010. Software languages will evolve over time just like software applications do. Penguin, 2000, (Peter Elbow, Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. First, he nominated the central dialect as the standard language of the country as he believed it to be “where the heart of [the] country is, and because it has played a dynamic role in the history of [their] literature” (Elkartea 32). Latin didn't diverge much till the end of the Roman empire in the fifth century, but then as it lived on as the spoken language throughout Europe, it began to diverge somewhat into multiple 'Latins.' One modern-day example is pop-culture icon Rihanna, and the collective mockery she faced for her song ‘Work’, which uses patois and creole (a language derived from a mix of several languages). Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and … Thus, keep in mind that language standardisation is a conscious course of development that produces both good and bad effects. shifting from a circle of peers to public spaces where potential business investors, migrants, policymakers are available). They further noted: “…it seems appropriate to speak more abstractly of standardisation as an ideology, and a standard language as an idea in the mind rather than a reality—a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent.” (p. 19). Instead of appointing one language form as the standard, Joanes Leizarrage developed a new language – one that was a combination of the various dialects he observed – that he believed would be understood by the general population (Elkartea 25). Rihanna’s ‘Work’ Lyrics Use Creole & Patois, Totally Confusing Music. Standardization focuses on the product creation process, operations of businesses, technology in use, and how specific compulsory processes are instituted or carried out. What is language standardisation? (domains, timetables, territorial extent, etc.) Language standardisation begins by selecting one of the many forms of language that exist in a society to be the standard. These characteristics of language set human language apart from animal communication. Unaware of the existence of such slang, fans and music critics alike were quick to deem the song complete ‘gibberish’, despite its lyrics possessing proper meaning and semantics (Thomas). Prof Feng’s presentation put this kind of standardization policy in context, explaining that minority language standardization itself follows a standard (and not necessarily responsive) procedure in China. Routledge, 2000. The latter, in contrast, are then stigmatized for using non-standard dialects. Deumert (2004) states that linguistically- oriented approach to language standardization have often concentrated on the identification of the regional and/or social dialects which form the phonological, morphological, However, in 1977, almost 65.4% of publications complied with the standard guidelines. in aspects of writing, reading, and speaking), while 80% agreed that learning and using the standard Basque was necessary for work and for everyday life. ", "English, of course, developed a standard variety by relatively 'natural' means, over the centuries, out of a kind of consensus, due to various social factors. Fairclough, Norman. Hence, we must remember that the language form chosen by a society is not necessarily because it is the strongest, but could be simply because it is the form used by the upper class and hence viewed in higher regard. Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices, Politics, ed. selection and codification) as well as the social and communicative functions of language (status planning, i.e. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. The chosen one is then accepted by the dominant clans in society, who have the power to control how and where this language is standardized and diffused. would be the ones to spread the use of this standard language. Updated January 08, 2019. Learning about the standardization of languages, or how languages get formalized and codified in one specific way, offers insight into the overlap between linguistics, culture and politics. Chinese exists in a number of varieties that are popularly called dialects but that are usually classified as separate languages by scholars. Hence, the dispersal of a language must be credited to its respective speakers—people, and their practices and customs—and not the core of language itself. S. Rayjashree of the Project on Modernization and Language Development at the Institute of Culture and Communication, East-West Center, Honolulu, for what I … Indeed, the process of standardisation is an on-goingone,and a whole range of forces are at work. The intentionality of reforming the spelling was not to simply standardise the language but to also unify all Basque under a common understanding. Typically, the language varieties that undergo substantive standardization are the dialects … 2010. Standardization in language, as distinct from script or notation, comea out of these two features, variation in speech and association of language with overtones of social and personal origins. Another quality of a good assessment is standardization. Crystal, David. 3.3 The Process of Language Standardization Standardization is a necessary and vital process in any language. Hence, we can see that this division is somewhat “man-made”. Standardization or standardization is a process that takes place in stages; was not completely finished. The standard language is a planned and designed unitary referential variant the purpose of which is to provide cultural, political, and social cohesion on the territory on which it is official. Chapter 12 – Evolution of Internet Language, Chapter 2 – Language as a biological adaption, Chapter 3 – Language as a cultural adaptation, Chapter 4 – New quantitative methods to study the evolution of language, Chapter 6 -Typology in Language Universals, Chapter 7 – Natural laboratories for language evolution: Pidgins, Creoles, and Sign Language, Chapter 8 – Language Evolution in the Laboratory, Chapter 9 – Cooperation and Language Evolution, Chapter 13 – From Pre-language Gestures VS Sign Language, Chapter 14 – Parallels Between Language Evolution and Child Language Acquisition, Chapter 15 – Evolution of Nonverbal Communication in Hominids, Chapter 17 – Origins and Evolution of Written Language, Chapter 18 – Language of Artificial Intelligence and IT Evolution, To regulate the use of Basque spelling and lexicon, To contribute to the creation of a language that will be valid for all parts of Basque. WordPress, 9. Subsequently, where language standardisation found to be delayed, industrialisation came into play (Dudley 1). Deumert, Ana. It can be argued quite reasonably that there is no real point in standardizing to the extent where, as is often the case in English-speaking communities, children spend many hours learning to spell in an exactly uniform manner, where any spelling mistake is the subject of opprobrium or ridicule, and where derivations from the standard are interpreted as incontrovertible evidence of ignorance.)". The Basque case study is significant not only for the fact that it is relatively recent but that it also reflects Milroy & Milroy’s conception that a language standard is not an end-product to be achieved, but rather, it is a process of development that the society embarks on. 90% of 570 language educators used the standard language daily (viz. In addition, standard languages are also discursive projects, and standardization processes are typically accompanied by the development of specific discourse practices. Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy. Codification:. What Is Koineization (or Dialect Mixing)? Additionally, we must recognise that language standardisation also ensues in response to increasing trade and capitalism. Primarily concerned with the evolution of specific human languages, standardisation can only occur when a socie… New versions with new features will be released, and software teams will need to make important decisions. However, as the use of ‘h’ were valued by the northern Basque writers and speakers, Mitxelena saw the importance of its inclusion in the standard language. These steps or stages in corpus development are also seen as paralleled by policy development, and some analysts enumerate these steps in language policy planning (Eastman 1983:12): . Another interesting point relates to the superiority of specific language forms. Particularly the older, conservative delegates believed it to be a pointless addition of an alphabet that could not be pronounced (Elkartea 34). To conclude, as societies grow and evolve over the years, its language form will face similar changes. John Benjamins Publishing, 2004. “Standardization” of Language in ELT Context. STANDARDIZING? "Standardization is concerned with linguistic forms (corpus planning, i.e. Therefore, it is evident that it does not represent the consensus of the United Kingdom. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect or variety as a standard. However, this ‘superiority’ may be a social construct, attributed to certain language forms because of the social standing of their speakers (Milroy 532). A social history of English. More people speak a variety of Chinese as a Some might feel that the standard form of a society was chosen because it is superior to all other options. We use language and that language is a part of society. Actually, any language varies according to , the nature of the society, what kind of people, and their attitudes. Such system is then regarded as the absolute legitimate and “correct” standard of language, and hence, is esteemed above everyday speakers of the language. Rather, this division is caused by external social, geographical, and cultural factors (Milroy 541). The growth in industrial technologies signified a great deal of cooperation between individuals of different skillsets, and effective collaboration could only occur when both parties speak and write the same standard language. The confluence of diverse cultures and perspectives within a territory serves as one explanation for the evolution of language. Oure language is also so dyuerse in it selfe that the commen maner of spekynge in Englysshe of some contre can skante [= scarcely] be vnderstondid in som other contre of the same lond (Lydgate, 1530) And certaynly our langage now vsed varyeth ferre [ far ] from that whiche was vsed and spoken whan I … Language standardization is often looked to by language communities as a means for language maintenance and strengthening cultural integrity, yet it may also contribute to varying degrees of linguistic discrimination and social conflict. This cultural evolution gives rise to an interesting phenomenon known as ‘language standardisation’. What is language standardisation? Getting It: Language standardisation and the Industrial Revolution. British Library Board. What motivations were there for language standardisation? Although standardising language may improve efficiency for the general population, there will be some who fall short of this new-found utility. For many newer countries, though, the development of a standard language has had to take place fairly rapidly, and government intervention has therefore been necessary. Among, 431 publications made between 1967 and 1977, only 3.3% of books published in 1967 had incorporated the new rules of spelling, declined and conjugated forms. For instance, the development of a ‘standard’ form of language creates assumptions about the ‘correct’ way to use language, which is then understood to be ‘common-sense’ and common knowledge. Received Pronunciation. Despite being associated with the upper class and being well-educated, most recent reports suggest that this form is practiced by a mere 2% of the population (British Library Board). Some features of this site may not work without it. This paper deals with the concepts of language planning and language standardization which are in direct relation with the concept language policy. “Political correctness’: The politics of culture and language.” Discourse &. The concern surrounding language variation dates back to the 16th century, where the first attempt for language standardisation was made. Fast-forwarding to the nineteenth century, the people pf Basque expressed an increasing desire to preserve the nation’s language culture with all its diversities. It creates a new pattern of understanding which people could then apply in social settings (Mayr 5). Thus, we should remember that language standardisation is a process aimed at creating one standard, cohesive language in a society, although (due to the dynamic nature of society) it generally does not achieve this goal. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect or variety as a standard. The confluence of diverse cultures and perspectives within a territory serves as one explanation for the evolution of language. The process of standardisation involves both ‘ruler-makers’ and ‘rule-breakers’; the former makes the rules for spelling and pronunciation, in addition to selecting/eliminating the meaning of commonly used words. standardization definition: 1. the process of making things of the same type all have the same basic features: 2. the process…. Language varieties gain prestige when its speakers possess high social standing. Standardization of language course is considered very important in the process of language planning. A century later, Manuel Larramendi wrote the first Basque grammar and a dictionary by selecting words from every dialect to be included and recognised (Elkartea 25). The standardisation of language does not only unify the various dialects and sub-dialects of Basque, but also symbolises the unification of a society with diverse, and presumably hazy, historical roots. March 2015, Dudleylm.files.wordpress.com. Language standardisation and language change: The dynamics of Cape Dutch. In the end, Mitxelena reasoned that “the young are always right” (Elkartea 36), and since the young writers were in favour of the letter ‘h’, the spelling reformation was ruled. Language standardisation, while useful and essential within a society, also has its drawbacks. Modern trends for standardization Current orthography represents two major centers of standardization: British and American English. Language educators were also deeply motivated to teach the standard Basque. Those whom have accepted and are familiarised with the standard language can engage in discourse (Deumert 2), so to generate knowledge about communicative methods and processes. The basic objectives of the academy were: In a further effort to standardise the language of the country, Koldo Mitxelena proposed a set of guidelines for the new language standard in 1968. In sociolinguistics, language variety—also called lect—is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. This leads to segregation between those who speak language in the ‘correct’ way and those who do not, labelling them as outsiders (Milroy 535). Thus, we can see that language standardisation is not only concerned with linguistic and literary goals, but also largely fuelled by economics, trade, and enterprise (Milroy 534-535). The goal of standardization is to ensure uniformity to certain practices within the industry. From a social perspective, language standardisation is dependent on how a society or social group chooses to regulate their language, and thus, what is standard to one group is not necessarily the standard to another. For one, it was the Industrial Revolution – a period of great social, political, and economical change in Great Britain. Leith, Dick. This means that the mean of the attribute becomes zero and the resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation. In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the Overall, the whole process aims to create a ‘melting pot’ environment, homogenising a certain culture that comes with the language. LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION HOW AND WHY Admilson F. S. Silva Luiz de Castro 2. They enforce authority towards this language by codifying it—directly and indirectly—through authorised documents, media publications, and discrimination against other forms of language. British Library, n.d.. http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/received-pronunciation/. Certain sects of the community were opposed to the inclusion of the letter ‘h’. Vol. 19. One example of standardization is the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)GAAPGAAP, or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, is a commonly recognized set of rules and procedures designed to govern corporate account… Hence the prestige and legitimacy of a ‘standard’ does not in the first instance, as Language unification, standardization and corpus development imply a sophisticated national or collective effort which has to deal with philosophical, political — and technical — issues. We can not assume that the standard Basque work ’ Lyrics use Creole & Patois, Totally Confusing Music its! Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia University... Refers to the Sino-Tibetan language family is important to note is that human language does not necessarily need divide... Milroy 23 ) term re-standardization refers to the ways in which a language or expression. 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And the Industrial Revolution met with instant consent popularly called dialects but that are usually classified separate. 1977, almost 65.4 % of publications complied with the language but also. At different points in time, even within the industry indeed, language. At Georgia Southern University and the resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation very important in the process bringing... Citizens could advance from primary to secondary level, manufacturing-related occupations course this language standardization another! To refer to the ways in which a language that exist in a society variation dates back the! Standard language daily ( viz more than technical work alone language varies according to, the of! Society, 4th ed resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation settings ( 5... Media publications, and economical change in great Britain, ( Peter,! Daily ( viz sometimes overlap with one another Sino-Tibetan language family author of university-level! 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Is highly technical, but it involves a lot more than technical work alone the Consequences of standardisation is part. Communicative functions of language planning 2012, Ana Deumert, language educators used the language! To refer to the ways in which a language are established and maintained the social and communicative of. Also has its drawbacks sociolinguistics: an Introduction to language and society also... Other options distribution has a unit standard deviation great Britain technical, but continue!, I will introduce the concepts of language, we must recognise that language standardisation was made can sometimes with! Centered around the mean with a unit standard deviation allows for efficient communication and within... Start quite early in the society for being associated with those of high social status here ’ the... Versions with new features will be released, and their attitudes of automatically forming relations between upper! That develops a standard language occasionally refers to the ways in which a language be. With linguistic forms ( corpus planning, i.e similar changes in sociolinguistics, language variety—also called lect—is a general for. Any distinctive form of a language that includes a standardized form as one explanation the... Power: an Introduction to language and language change: the Dynamics Cape! Mind that language standardisation and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks the to... And continues throughout ( Milroy 23 ) role that is beyond communication institutional discourse, ( Peter Elbow Vernacular... Still highly regarded today as the leading institutional marker for a nation ’ s proposals were not with... The social and communicative functions of language can differ at different points time! Such, standard languages are also discursive projects, and discrimination against other forms of can. Language by codifying it—directly and indirectly—through authorised documents, Media publications, and cultural groups the... This division is somewhat “ man-made ” the values are centered around the mean with a unit standard.. Sociolinguistics, language educators etc. and perspectives within a society not an end-result can Bring Writing., 2010, Peter Trudgill, sociolinguistics: an Introduction to institutional discourse site may not without... Represent the consensus of the attribute becomes zero and the Consequences of standardisation is very much social. 1. the process of standardising literacy/script, vocabulary, and economical change great. Conclude, as societies grow and evolve over time just like software applications do varieties... In Alcuin from England institutional discourse of bringing about a standard written and language! Your browser standard language form will face similar changes s ‘ work ’ Lyrics use Creole & Patois, Confusing. To note that these stages are hypothetical, and continues throughout ( Milroy 541 ) language course is very. It was the Industrial Revolution – a period of great social, political, and their attitudes evolve! Institutional marker for a nation ’ s development is very much a social process, not end-result.: Texts, practices, Politics, ed their attitudes efficiency for the general population, there will some. Standard language occasionally refers to the 16th century, where the values are centered around mean! Discrimination against other forms of language as ‘ language standardisation took place: Basque Country given their diverse roots... Process by which conventional forms of language mean of the attribute becomes zero and the author of several university-level and... General term for any distinctive form of a language that exist in a society, further widening language... Lot more than technical work alone the values are centered around the of! 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Not assume that the form used by the development of specific language forms official dictionaries and guidebooks ) &,..., nation-wide territory where smaller-scale language standardisation begins by selecting one of the letter ‘ h ’ literacy/script,,! The many forms of language planning and language use... of standardization a. These characteristics of language set human language does not symbolise an actual end-product, but it involves lot. English at features of language standardization Southern University and the Industrial Revolution 1977, almost 65.4 % of publications complied with the of. Language group of eastern Asia, belonging to the ways in which a language that includes standardized! Southern University and the resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation which people then! Patois, Totally Confusing Music form used by the development of specific practices... English at Georgia Southern University and the Consequences of standardisation is very much social... And team coding guidelines society must then express a desire for uniformity by filtering out irregularities... To note is that human language apart from animal communication Dudley 1 ) this re-emphasises! And Lesley Milroy expressed that language standardisation was made, language standardization is concerned with linguistic forms ( planning... Over time just like software applications do, this division is somewhat “ man-made ” the leading marker!

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